This article discusses about COORDINATION of directional OVERCURRENT RELAYs (DOCRs) in the power system transmission lines. In these RELAYs, 4 characteristics are used as variables to calculate COORDINATION between of them. These 4 variables include PS, TMS, A and B, which are used to obtain OPTIMAL COORDINATION between RELAYs. In this article, to obtain OPTIMAL COORDINATION, two fault locations are considered. One of them is near the RELAY (at the 10%-line beginning) and another is fault far from the RELAY (at the 90%-line end). The problem of COORDINATION of RELAYs is solved and optimized using the PSO optimization algorithm. The proposed method has been tested in the standard distribution 6-Buse IEEE System, and its results are stated. The results of the PSO optimization method that was obtained have been compared with traditional methods such as GA-NLP. Comparing the results of this method with the traditional methods presented in the other articles, found that the presented method obtains more OPTIMAL results than other traditional methods. Since the proposed method minimizes the operation time of DOCRs RELAYs. This method is a reliable and effective method for calculating COORDINATION between RELAYs.

Minimization of the discrimination time between the backup and main OVERCURRENT RELAY is one of the most critical issue in RELAY COORDINATION of power system. Determination of time setting multipliers (TSMs) using evolutionary algorithms has been studied in previous papers. In this paper, TSM, various characteristics of the OVERCURRENT RELAYs and pickup currents are simultaneously considered to improve COORDINATION of main and backup OVERCURRENT RELAYs. Furthermore, the COORDINATION problem can also be considered as an optimization problem which can be solved using artificial intelligent methods. Recently, a novel optimization algorithm, called hyper-sphere search (HSS) algorithm, has been introduced. In this paper, Improved HSS (IHSS) is introduced. Based on the problems mentioned in this paper, the IHSS algorithm is more appropriate for obtaining the characteristics of the OVERCURRENT RELAYs, pickup currents and their TSMs. The result of IHSS is compared with HSS algorithm which has been used in previous studies. The simulation results on the test network show the efficiency of using IHSS and considering pickup currents in term of better RELAYs COORDINATION.

The presence of Distributed Generation (DG) resources in power system, versus economic benefits, can be cause a miss- COORDINATION in operation of OVERCURRENT RELAY. In this paper, a new index is proposed to determine the impact of DG installation on COORDINATION constraints of OVERCURRENT RELAY, independent of RELAY settings. In the presence of DG in network, the fault current passing through the backup and primary RELAYs change in compare to the no presence of DG. According to this, the proposed index is defined as the difference between the rate of change of fault current passing through backup RELAY and the rate of change of fault current passing through primary RELAY, for each RELAY pairs. In the presence of DG, mathematically proven that the sign of the proposed index for each COORDINATION constraints, indicates the increase or decrease of COORDINATION time interval and the measure of proposed index indicates the reduction of COORDINATION time interval. The proposed index for the COORDINATION constraints of OVERCURRENT RELAY of an 8-bus test system is determined at each DG location. The results have shown the correctness of proposed index to evaluate the impact of location and capacity of DG on the COORDINATION constraints. Also, the locations and capacities of DG have been ranked base on proposed index.

With the rapid growth of wind power plants, different types of these resources are connected to the network at different voltage levels. A number of these resources have DFIG. The development of distributed generation has made problems such as an increased level of short circuit and the loss of protective devices COORDINATION. During the fault occurrence, transient stability may be lost due to drastic changes in speed, power, and rotor angel of synchronous and asynchronous generators. Based on the dependence of resistance and temperature, high-temperature superconducting fault current limiter could decrease the fault current. This paper, after studying the ability of HTSFCL to reduce the fault current and to increase the stability level in PSCAD/EMTDC software, for the first time proposes objective function of HTSFCL OPTIMAL location by simultaneously considering security and protection COORDINATION indices, voltage, and transient stability of synchronous and asynchronous generators in the networks connected to DFIG. OPTIMAL location and size of HTSFCL in IEEE 30-bus test network are determined using differential evolution (DE) algorithm in MATLAB while considering single-and multi-objective indices. Also, indices of security, COORDINATION of OVERCURRENT RELAYs, voltage stability, and rotor angel stability are compared in six modes. The achieved results show the applicability of the proposed method.

Short-circuit current in the power networks, consists of steady and transient states. In the conventional RELAY COORDINATION method, the transient component of short-circuit current is ignored and the RELAYs are coordinated via fixed currents. The transient component of short-circuit currents causes RELAYs operate fast and thus misCOORDINATIONs appear between the main and backup pair RELAYs. In this paper, a RELAY COORDINATION method considering the transient component of short-circuit current is presented. Dynamic model of inverse time OVERCURRENT RELAY is used to calculate operating time of RELAYs. In the proposed method, both TSM and IP of RELAYs are calculated considering COORDINATION constraints. It is shown that when the IP is entered to the optimization problem, the objective function is reduced but misCOORDINATIONs between RELAYs are increased because of the transient component of short-circuit current. Genetic optimization algorithm is used for RELAYs COORDINATION. The proposed COORDINATION method is implemented on a radial and a meshed network, and the results are compared with the conventional method of COORDINATION.

The presence or absence of distributed generation (DG) sources in a distribution network has a probabilistic nature. In the event of connection or disconnection of these sources, the fault current through a RELAY and the RELAY operating time are affected, which leads to misCOORDINATION. For solving this issue, COORDINATION constraints corresponding to the presence or absence of DGs have to be considered in the OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION problem (CP). The incorporation of these constraints increases the operating time (OT) of the conventional OVERCURRENT RELAYs (OCRs). In this paper, a novel adaptive characteristic is proposed to solve this unwanted effect. Accordingly, a function proportional to the equivalent impedance (EI) seen by the RELAY is added to the RELAY characteristic. This EI is calculated via in-situ measurement of voltage and current before the occurrence of a fault, continuously; when the fault occurs, the calculated impedance is used in the RELAY characteristic to determine the OT. The addition of this function to the conventional OVERCURRENT RELAY characteristic, reduces the effects of disconnecting the DGs on the COORDINATION constraint, and in general, improves the OT of the RELAY. Based on the analytical relations and simulation results, it is shown that the OTs of the primary and backup RELAYs with the proposed characteristic are improved compared to the RELAYs with the conventional characteristic.

This paper deals with the OPTIMAL set of directional OVERCURRENT RELAYs using intelligent methods when the problem has multi-objective functions with different constraints. Due to the linear and nonlinear constraints in the COORDINATION of the directional OVERCURRENT RELAYs, the method used is based on Pareto Envelope-based Selection Algorithm to obtain OPTIMAL values of plug setting, time multiplier setting, and RELAY characteristic curve by considering all governing constraints setting parameters of the network primary and backup RELAYs. In this study, there is a simultaneous time reduction between the performance of the main and backup RELAYs. Besides, in this method, while solving a multi-objective function without the need for weight factors, a penalty function is used to check the correct COORDINATION of the primary and backup RELAYs. The proposed method is implemented in two different standard networks, i. e. 3-bus and modified IEEE 14-bus networks. The results show the efficiency of the method used and the OPTIMALity of the values compared to other algorithms.

This paper describes an algorithm that determines the OPTIMAL application and COORDINATION of over current protective devices such as fuses, rec1osers, and sectionalisers in distribution networks. The priority is given to providing all main feeders and the laterals with rec10ser protection, while considering security and selectivity of the protection system. In order to achieve these, first the rec10sers are located, then for protection of the laterals suitable fuses are selected based on COORDINATION with the back-up rec1osers. At this stage also the time settings of reclosers are chosen. If, for a lateral, it is not possible to find a suitable fuse from the available fuse range, then a sectionaliser would be required instead. Based on the proposed algorithm, a software program with graphic interface and user friendly features has been developed to assist COORDINATION of over current protection devices in a distribution network. The software has been tested on an Iranian 20kV network and the results presented show the effectiveness of the algorithm.

The RELAY COORDINATION problem of directional OVERCURRENT has been an active research issue in distribution networks and power transmission. In general, the problem of RELAY COORDINATION is the nonlinearity of the optimization problem, which increases or decreases with different network structures. This paper presents a new method with directional OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION approach to reduce the operating time of the RELAYs between the primary and backup RELAYs by using hybrid programming of ILP (interval linear programming) and DE (differential evolution). Due to the difference in short circuit current level from grid connected to the isolated mode, therefore, it is necessary to use a reliable protection solution to reduce this discrimination time and also to prevent the increase of COORDINATION time interval (CTI). The ability of the objective function used in this paper is to reduce the discrimination time of primary and backup RELAYs and simultaneously reduce the operating time of primary and backup RELAYs by introducing a new method. The basic parameters of the directional OVERCURRENT RELAY (DOCR) such as time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS) have been adjusted such that the RELAYs operation time should be optimized. Optimization is based on a new objective function, described as a highly constrained non-linear problem to simultaneously minimize operating time in backup and primary RELAYs. A function of penalty is also used to check the problem constraints in case the backup RELAY time is fewer than that of the main RELAY. The method is implemented on modified IEEE 14-and 30-bus distribution networks. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the method, and the values are OPTIMAL compared to those of other algorithms. MATLAB program has also been used to simulate optimization.

The analysis of transient stability in electric power systems and the penetration coefficient of scattered productions play important roles in the regulation of protective equipment, so these parameters should be considered two main factors in the electrical protection of power networks. OVERCURRENT RELAYs are used as one of the simplest and most effective solutions for power system protection. The OVERCURRENT RELAY has two main variables: time setting factor (TMS) and plug setting (PS). The RELAY operation time is a function of TMS, PS, and the current seen by the RELAY. This paper analyzes the transient stability of a distribution network including distributed generation to determine the protective regulation of OVERCURRENT RELAYs. First, the transient stability of scattered products is studied for different fault locations and their different penetration coefficients. Then, the limitations of distributed generation resources are considered in the protection COORDINATION of OVERCURRENT RELAYs. Therefore, a new method is proposed to calculate the modified value of the time adjustment coefficient of the OVERCURRENT RELAY. In other words, not only the protection limits but also the transient stability limits are considered in the calculation of the time adjustment factor. In fact, by applying the proposed method, not only is the COORDINATION between OVERCURRENT RELAYs maintained but the instability of distributed generation sources is also prevented. The performance of the proposed protection plan is evaluated with the help of simulation in an IEEE 33-bus distribution system using ETAP software. The results show the correct performance of the proposed method for the worst error conditions. It should be noted that to carry out conservation and stability studies, the following steps are performed in order, which ultimately leads to the creation of a conservation-stability algorithm: (A) protection studies in the condition of disconnection of DG resources, (B) transient stability studies in the conditions of connection of scattered production sources, including obtaining the minimum stability time for each of the scattered production, and (C) investigating the simultaneous establishment of CTI and CCT. In this situation, two situations are possible: the simultaneous establishment of CTI and CCT, the establishment of CTI restrictions, and the non-establishment of CCT. The value of CCT for each DG is equal to the time when the speed of the DG or the power angle of its generator becomes zero. As can be seen, in the first, second, fourth, and fifth scenarios, the CCT condition of the distributed generation source is not established, and it is necessary to modify the TDS value of the main RELAY.